ABSTRACT
Natural science learning during the COVID-19 pandemic is generally carried out online. The change in the way of learning certainly raises several problems, including teacher confusion in terms of instilling life skills, whereas the main goal of education is to produce a generation that is mature in living life or having life skills. Therefore, even online, natural science learning can develop students' life skills so that there is no lost generation. The way that teachers can do to equip students' life skills is to provide appropriate science teaching materials. Based on the data source that life skills in the 21st century include several aspects that can be integrated into a teaching material, such as in e-student worksheet or can be called as e-LKPD. The integration of life skills in teaching materials presents problems that exist in everyday life. © 2023 Author(s).
ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a lot of morbidity and mortality. More than three-quarters of hospitalized patients experience complications in the kidneys such as acute kidney injury, proteinuria, hematuria, and electrolyte imbalance. The study addressed to get an overview of the profile of serum electrolyte levels and the severity trend of COVID-19 patients with comorbid Type 2 Diabetes (DM) at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study used secondary data from medical records of COVID-19 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus comorbid at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya period April - September 2020. Result: Our study revealed 103 patients with COVID-19 with Type 2 DM comorbidity. The proportion of COVID-19 patients with comorbid Type 2 DM in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya is 17.03%. The percentage of patients with hyponatremia, normonatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, normokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypochloremia, normochloremia, hyperchloremia were 52.48 %, 45.54 %, 1.98 %, 29.7 %, 49.5 %, 20.79 %, 33.33 %, 61.62 %, 5.05 %, respectively. There found 32 % of patients with COVID-19 with mild symptoms, 18.4 % moderate, 20.4 % severe, and 29.1 % critical. The critical severity case increases in hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia conditions. Conclusion: The severity of COVID-19 in patients with comorbid Type 2 DM is influenced by the laboratory values and the electrolyte change. The elevated laboratory values and the decreased electrolyte levels followed by the increased severe COVID-19 case. © 2022 Academia Nacional de Medicina. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 became a widespread infectious disease in late 2019. Indonesia currently has the highest COVID-19 mortality rate in Asia, between 4-5 percent. Interestingly, COVID-19-associated coagulopathy characterized by an increase of several procoagulant factor levels, including fibrinogen and D-dimer, that has been associated with higher mortality and unfavorable outcomes. We report a case of a 30-year-old male admitted to the hospital with a profuse vomiting and worsening fever, cough and shortness of breath, and was diagnosed with COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Seven days after admission, he became deteriorated with significant reduction of oxygen saturation and his coagulation parameter levels were increased with highly suspicion of pulmonary embolism. He was treated with azithromycin, isoprinosine, lopinavir, and fondaparinux with thromboprophylaxis dosage since admission. The role of increased fondaparinux dosage at the time of clinical deterioration was then followed by clinical improvement and reduced D-dimer level. Anticoagulant therapy, mainly with fondaparinux, showed a better prognosis in patients with markedly elevated D-Dimer. Fondaparinux needs to be monitored appropriately to prevent bleeding and adverse. The patient was discharged from the hospital in an improved condition and normal D-Dimer levels. There was no bleeding event nor other major side effects had been found in this case. The decision for increasing dose of anticoagulant may be determined on individual basis, considering risks, benefits, and also the most important is clinical findings.
ABSTRACT
Background: To curb Corona Virus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and Hepatitis B further spread, the local Health Ministry collaborated with local communities to build COVID-19 and Hepatitis B Ambassador. This program utilizes the youth generation to support health promotion and health prevention. This study aims to evaluate the motivation, commitment, and knowledge of the youth generation as very few studies have attempted to analyze them. Methods: Fifty-seven participants who participated in the Ambassador program were voluntarily enrolled in the study. We conducted an online survey and presented them with a questionnaire while monitoring their progress in the live video call. The qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed statistically to find the correlation between the variables. Results: The youths' motivation for joining health programs comprises benefit-driven motivation and mostly altruistic motivation. Most of the youth participants gave a high number of commitment percentages and good opinions regarding both disease management by the local government. There is a significant correlation between the participants' commitment with their knowledge regarding Surabaya and COVID-19 (p<0.001), but not with hepatitis B (p=0.153). There is a significant positive correlation between participants' knowledge of Surabaya city with knowledge of COVID-19 (r=0.255;p=0.018) and Hepatitis B (r=0.331;p=0.003). The participants' age affects their commitment significantly (p<0.001). Conclusion: The motivation, commitment, and knowledge of the youth generation that joining the health ambassador program were correlated with each other. These findings might give an insight, especially for the government to encourage the youth generation to help supporting health promotion and health prevention. © 2021 Academia Nacional de Medicina. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 originating from Wuhan, China, has caused an outbreak throughout the world and caused death. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 enters the body via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, followed by priming by transmembrane serine protease 2 and provides an overview of the respiratory system’s main clinical manifestations, such as shortness of breath, cough, and fever. The gastrointestinal tract also expresses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors so that it manifests in the gastrointestinal tract, namely decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Complaints in the gastrointestinal tract can appear first or together with complaints in the respiratory tract. Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms have a more severe disease degree than patients without gastrointestinal symptoms, and the majority have a high fever. When infected by Coronavirus disease 2019, there is a prolonged condition of dysbiosis even though the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus has been eliminated, and respiratory symptoms are not available. The expression and distribution of angiotensin- converting enzyme in the oral cavity and the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus in the feces indicate a potential route of infection from Coronavirus disease 2019 through the fecal orally. Pathological findings in the gastrointestinal tract of Coronavirus disease 2019 patients are still limited and still require further research, especially concerning the association with the patient’s previous history of the disease. For the treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019, so far, there has been no special therapy given. All treatments are supportive. In patients who experience diarrhea, evaluating their dehydration status, monitoring electrolyte abnormalities, antispasmodic drugs, and probiotics have been performed. © 2020, Yerevan State Medical University. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The corona virus outbreak has become a global pandemic. This situation triggers a sense of crisis in the community. Massive flow of information makes people confused due to the information might be incorrect. Therefore, summary in a review to answers some questions that commonly asked among community is necessary. Information related to sunbathing habits during the daytime is becoming popular, vitamin D is believed by the public to come from sun exposure. However, excessive ultra violet light from sun exposure could be dangerous. Therefore, it needs to consider several things in applying sunbathing habits. The controversy over the outcome of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers has an adverse effect on coronavirus infection. In contrary, recent studies of the drug have a protective effect against lung tissue damage caused by this virus infection. Therefore, it not necessarily to stop this medication. In addition, there were findings that a high viral titer of coronavirus was found in asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic patients. Therefore, it could contribute to high transmission rates in the community. It is necessary to do precaution in order to stop the transmission. The existence of massive information flow though needs to filter information, based on scientific to prevent the misleading information. Break the chain of infection with appropriate diagnostic tests then isolate the positive person is the best way to resolve this pandemic. © 2020, Yerevan State Medical University. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Most healthcare resources in Indonesia have been engulfed by COVID-19 pandemic, and less attention has been given to the rising cases of dengue that has been endemic in many areas of Indonesia. Present study aimed to review the immunopathogenesis of dengue and COVID-19 infection, as well as their prevention strategies. This study is a narrative review based on the research articles and reports published between 2010-2020. A total of 60 articles and reports were obtained and after careful consideration 49 articles and reports were used as references of this study. The immune response in Dengue virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections aims to eliminate the virus, but it causes an increase in inflammatory mediators (cytokine storm) which can increase vascular permeability and organ damage. Secondary infection of Dengue virus with different strains may allow the occurrence of antibody-dependent enhancement. The possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has been studied in vitro and in animal studies. Dengue virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections have antigenic similarities and trigger memory B cells. The cross reactions between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies and Dengue virus antigens may cause false positive on rapid dengue infection serological tests. The prevention and control of Dengue virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections are based on the transmission mode, and people should comply to the related health protocols. © 2020, Yerevan State Medical University. All rights reserved.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause another problem for healthcare facilities, which is nosocomial transmission. Clinicians performed nosocomial pneumonia prevention vigilantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, the magnitude and risk factors for infection in healthcare environments are unknown in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission. An overwhelming number of COVID-19 infections not only could paralyze the health system but could contribute, above all, to the occasional epidemic of hospital patients and the healthcare workers, along with elevated morbidity and mortality. The COVID-19 increasing case may limit the availability of occupancy rooms in hospitals, so doctors need tools to assess the likelihood of COVID-19 at the initial examination by triage based on epidemiological risks, routine investigations and bedside observation for safe isolation. The specific challenges of COVID-19 exist because this is a new disease with clinical, radiological, and laboratory features that can be variable We review nosocomial transmission of COVID-19. The data indicate that the prevalence of hospital-acquired COVID-19 infection varies. While reports regarding nosocomial transmission or healthcare-associated COVID-19 infection are still growing, several hospitals claim there were none or minimal nosocomial transmission. Infection prevention and control techniques were initially aimed at prompt patient identification, separation and monitoring in compliance with case descriptions. Engineering controls provide proper and efficient ventilation, likely augmented by filtration of pollutants and air disinfection, air recirculation protection, and overcrowding protection. Administrative assistance to reduce the risk of nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is introduced with the reduction of choice healthcare services, decanting centers, deployment of isolation facilities, appropriate personal security facilities, coordination of the rapid molecular diagnostic laboratory network, constructive monitoring, and organization of the personnel forum and training. These principal strategies can suppress intra-hospital transmission of COVID-19 if strictly implemented during a pandemic era. © 2020, Yerevan State Medical University. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led the world to a tremendous health crisis. Indonesia is no exception to be impacted by the disease. Indonesia as the fourth most populous country in the world along with its authentic geographical, cultural, economic, and social condition is facing great challenges in managing the outbreak. The government by its Task Force for COVID-19 has set strategies and regulations to control the transmission of the disease as well as to provide optimal health care while minimizing the impact of the pandemic mainly in fundamental sectors such as the economic growth. However, the number of new cases keeps increasing and the high case fatality rate is steadily above the global rate. Many concerns regarding this devastating condition such as the lack of empowerment to do the tests, trace, and treat to the primary care along with lack of discipline and awareness of the citizens worsened by social stigma of the disease, the unpreparedness in releasing the large social scale restriction, and the insufficient health care facilities to manage the disease. This article will highlight the current situation of COVID-19 in Indonesia as well as measures and policies being implemented to control the pandemic in their comparison to the established international guidelines and conditions in other countries. © 2020, Yerevan State Medical University. All rights reserved.
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The world is currently overwhelmed by fighting a pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Within just a few months, the virus has spread all over the country causing many deaths. Although some guidelines have been proposed to prevent more casualties, the transmission rate remains high. One clinical spectrum that was initially being an underdog for its ability to widely spread COVID-19 is asymptomatic cases. Subtle clinical manifestations with the same transmission potential as in symptomatic cases make asymptomatic cases worth to be considered. Transmission of asymptomatic cases, commonly in family clusters, will also be a new problem considering some family members have a high risk of COVID-19. The asymptomatic cases remain a problem in developed and former countries infected with COVID-19, and also for Indonesia as a developing country with various uniqueness. Indonesia's authorities are struggling to win this battle with COVID-19 with all the available resources, and until now the stressing is still on symptomatic cases while asymptomatic cases can be a silent thread if not recognized and handled properly. A better and deeper understanding of various aspects of asymptomatic cases may be a consideration for better health policies. © 2020 EManuscript Technologies. All rights reserved.
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We summarized the various serological and molecular examination modalities for COVID-19. RT-PCR instrument selection is important. Closed system has the advantage of automatic RNA extraction, thereby reducing the risk of contamination and false negatives results, but the cost is high. In contrast, open system has lower cost, but the RNA extraction must be performed manually. Thus, it requires additional facilities and expert laboratory staff. In addition, it has a higher false negative rate and the risk of contamination towards laboratory staff. Among several number of gene targets, it is recommended to use specific gene targets according to WHO and CDC. Although the current gold standard diagnosis of COVID-19 is the RNA examination using RT-PCR, but the availability of this instrument is not evenly distributed. Therefore, alternative examination is needed. Serology is a quick and easy examination, thus it can be used for screening and helping diagnose COVID-19. However, several aspects are needed. The detected target is antigen or antibody. The detected antigen is a specific protein from the virus, but the antigen is only detected when the virus is actively replicating and more effective at acute phase. Antibodies are more effective because they can last for a long time. Total antibodies have the highest sensitivity and can increase the sensitivity of RNA tests when combined. The time of collection and specimen type used are also important because some specimens have low sensitivity.